Will Mozambique Replicate Successful Story in Cerrado, Brazil Challenges and Opportunities

Introduction Mozambique is a vast nation in southern Africa with a populace of roughly 23 million occupants (Rosario, 2013, p. 3). Agriculture is a very important sector of the country’s economy, with 70 percent of its rural populace depending mainly on farming for employment and livelihood. In fact, it is the second most important sector in Mozambique after the service sector.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Will Mozambique Replicate Successful Story in Cerrado, Brazil: Challenges and Opportunities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It accounts for nearly 25 percent of the aggregate output (Coughlin, 2006, p. 10). In addition, it has contributed considerably to the massive being made in the battle against poverty for the last two decades (Ashley Gà ªmo, 2010, p. 5). As of late, the nation has been regarded by global organizations as one of the success stories in present-day Africa. This is a result of pol itical steadiness and positive macroeconomic performance. In the last decade, the country’s aggregate output has been growing by around 8 percent every year. However, the Human Development Index in the country is still low; Mozambique is ranked number 165 out of 169 (Rosario, 2013, p. 4). This means agriculture doesn’t do so well as expected, especially being the main source of income for nearly 80 percent of the country’s population. Rural food insecurity is the main cause of poverty in Mozambique. According to the country’s ministry of agriculture, at least 37 percent of the rural population normally suffers from food shortage every year (Grabowski, 2011, p. 9). This essay will explore the state of agriculture in the South African state of Mozambique, which will include the country’s farming systems and agricultural policies, and the role of women in agriculture, among others. This will be achieved through the exploration of different theories an d concepts and key arguments between authors and their conceptual positions. Farming Systems and Role of Women in Mozambique Mozambique’s agribusiness is characterized by smallholder and sedentary farming system (Grabowski, 2011, p. 9). According to Gemo and Rivera (2001, p. 5), each active holding possesses approximately 1.1 hectares with Less than 2 percent owning more than 10 hectares. The overall productivity among the smallholder farmers is exceedingly low.Advertising Looking for essay on agriculture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Their participation in the market is also very poor because of various reasons, including high transaction costs, low yields, inadequate information and lack of market. In addition, increased land fragmentation, which is as a result of sociocultural factors such as land inheritance, has made the farms uneconomical. Nevertheless, traditional farming systems ensure survival of peasant far mers and preservation of traditional food crops. Despite constituting over 70 percent of agricultural producers, the lineage systems have restricted women access to land. Additionally, even though the government of Mozambique has ratified the African Charter on Human and Gender rights, it has not been translated into concrete actions (Gawaya, 2015, p. 8). Therefore, gender rights and full participation of women in agricultural production still remain one of the major challenges facing the country. In fact, the majority of women are like slaves because they participate in agricultural production, but do not enjoy the economic benefits. Agricultural Transformation and Development Strategy The Brazil-Mozambique partnership, along with other state-initiated programs has led to a significant transformation of the country’s agricultural sector (Nehring Wolford, 2015, p. 210). However, the biggest question that lingers in the mind of many people is whether Mozambique will replicate the success story of Cerrado, Brazil. Three decades ago, Brazil signed a trilateral agreement with the United States and Japan to modernize agricultural production and agricultural market produce. The agreement (commonly known as ProCerrado), saw Brazil transform from a food insecure to a food surplus economy, as well as lifting millions of its citizens from poverty. The Brazil’s success story has been sought after by many African countries, including Mozambique following numerous food crises that have rocked the continent over the last three decades. ProSavana, which is a replica of ProCerrado, is the best strategy to tackle the current predicaments facing the agricultural sector. ProSavana is based on Fei-Ranis model of economic growth or surplus labor model. It is not only aimed at mechanizing agricultural production, but also to support agricultural research and commodification of land, labor and capital in Mozambique. Commodification of land, labor and capital basically means increasing land areas through acquisition and privatization, commercializing farming, and enhancing access to capital. This leads to the development of large agricultural estates and increased agricultural productivity in terms of labor and agricultural output (Nehring Wolford, 2015, p. 210).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Will Mozambique Replicate Successful Story in Cerrado, Brazil: Challenges and Opportunities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Given the peace and tranquility enjoyed by the country and increased economic growth, ProSavana policy is achievable. In addition, the country has about 36 million hectares, with only 3.2 million hectares occupied by smallholder farmers. This offers a great opportunity for increasing agricultural land areas, embracing commercial and mechanized farming, as well as funding agricultural research and rural extension services. Commercial farming will attract excess l abor from the smallholdings to large estates due to lucrative wages. This will give women and youths an opportunity to exploit their potential and earn good income and, subsequently, reduce general poverty levels. In addition, rural extension services will make the society appreciate the role of women in agriculture and the economy as a whole (Rosario, 2013, p. 3; van den Berg, 1987, p. 382). Conclusion Agriculture in Mozambique is both a source of food and livelihood. Therefore, agricultural transformation will not only make the country a food secure nation, but also help to reduce poverty through increased income to local farmers. In addition, it caters for the needs of the marginalized, especially women and youths. The government and non-governmental organizations play a very important role in the transformation process, for example, providing support programs and building agricultural infrastructure. References Ashley, S Gà ªmo, H 2010, Assessment of Phase II of PROAGRICULTURE , Ministry of Agriculture, Maputo, Mozambique. Gawaya, R 2015, Investing in Women Farmers to Eliminate Food Insecurity in Southern Africa: Policy-Related Research from Mozambique, Rouledge, London, UK. Gemo, H., Rivera, W 2001, â€Å"Mozambique’s Move towards a Pluralistic National System of Rural Extension†, Agricultural Research and Extension Network Paper No. 110. Grabowski, P 2011, Constraints of Adoption of Conservation Agriculture in the Angonia Highland of Mozambique: Perspectives from Smallholder Hand-Hoe Farmers, Master’s Thesis, Michigan University, Michigan.Advertising Looking for essay on agriculture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Coughlin, P 2006, Agricultural intensification in Mozambique infrastructure, policy and institutional framework—when do problems signal opportunities? Economic Policy Research Group, Maputo, Mozambique. Nehring, R., Wolford, W 2015, â€Å"Constructing Parallels: Brazilian Expertise and the Commodification of Land, Labor and Money in Mozambique†, Canadian Journal of Development Studies, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 208-223. Rocha, A., Starkey, P., Dionisio , AC 1991, â€Å"Cattle Production and Utilization of Smallholder Farming Systems in Southern Mozambique†, Agricultural System, vol. 37, pp. 55-75. Rosario, DM 2013, From Negligence to Populism: An Analysis of Mozambique’s Agricultural Political Economy, United Nations University, Helsinki. van den Berg, J 1987, â€Å"A peasant form of production: wage-dependent agriculture in Southern Mozambique’’, Canadian Journal of African Studies, vol. 21, no.3, pp. 372-389. This essay on Will Mozambique Replicate Successful Story in Cerrado, Brazil: Challenges and Opportunities was written and submitted by user JoantheMouse to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How Shampoo Works and the Chemistry Behind It

How Shampoo Works and the Chemistry Behind It You know shampoo cleans your hair, but do you know how it works? Here is a look at shampoo chemistry, including how shampoos work  and why its better to use shampoo than soap on your hair. What Shampoo Does Unless youve been rolling around in mud, you probably dont have hair that is truly dirty. However, it may feel greasy and look dull. Your skin produces sebum, a greasy substance, to coat and protect hair and the hair follicle. Sebum coats the cuticle or outer keratin coat of each hair strand, giving it a healthy shine. However, sebum also makes your hair look dirty. An accumulation of it causes hair strands to stick together, making your locks look dull and greasy. Dust, pollen, and other particles are attracted to the sebum and stick to it. Sebum is hydrophobic. It waterproofs your skin and hair. You can rinse away salt and skin flakes, but oils and sebum are untouched by water, no matter how much you use. How Shampoo Works Shampoo contains detergent, much like you would find in dishwashing or laundry detergent or bath gel. Detergents work as surfactants. They lower the surface tension of water, making it less likely to stick to itself and able to bind with oils and soiling particles. Part of a detergent molecule is hydrophobic. This hydrocarbon portion of the molecule binds to the sebum coating hair, as well as to any oily styling products. Detergent molecules also have a hydrophilic portion, so when you rinse your hair, the detergent is swept away by the water, carrying sebum away with it. Other Ingredients in Shampoo Conditioning Agents:  Detergents strip away the sebum from your hair, leaving the cuticle exposed and susceptible to damage. If you use soap or dishwashing detergent on your hair, it will get clean, but it may look limp, lacking body and shine. Shampoo contains ingredients that replace the protective coating on the hair. Silicones detangle hair, smooth the hair cuticle and add shine. Fatty alcohols help prevent static and fly-away or frizzy hair.Shampoo typically is more acidic than soap, so it may contain ingredients to bring down the product of the pH. If the pH of shampoo is too high, the sulfide bridges in keratin can break, weakening or damaging your hair.Protectants:  Many shampoos contain additional ingredients intended to protect hair. The most common additive is sunscreen. Other chemicals protect against heat damage from hair dryers or styling aids, chemical damage from swimming pools, or build-up from styling products.Cosmetic Ingredients:  Shampoos contain aesthetic ingredients that dont affect how well the shampoo cleans your hair but may make shampooing more pleasant or affect the color or fragrance of your hair. These additives include pearlised ingredients, which add sparkle to the product and may leave a faint glimmer on hair, perfume to scent the shampoo and hair, and colorants. Most colorants wash out with shampoo, although some subtly tint or brighten hair. Functional Ingredients:  Some ingredients are added to shampoo to keep it uniformly mixed, thicken it so that it is easier to apply, prevent the growth of bacteria and mold, and preserve it to extend its shelf life. A Word About Lather Although many shampoos contain agents to produce a lather, the bubbles dont aid the cleaning or conditioning power of the shampoo. Lathering soaps and shampoos were created because consumers enjoyed them, not because they improved the product. Similarly, getting hair squeaky clean actually isnt desirable. If your hair is clean enough to squeak, it has been stripped of its natural protective oils.

Catcher in the Rye Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Catcher in the Rye - Essay Example But while they are too busy fooling around with each other, the ship is heading towards a disaster that the world will never forget. The story kind of reminds me of Jane. She and I used to always hang out. We were not in love, but there was something there. Then she had to go and date Stradlater. I am the Jack to Jane’s Rose – the lowly one that deserves her more. The movie was too long and too phony. The director would have done everyone some good if he had cut the pointless stuff from it. The modern storyline was too bizarre for my own taste. All of the flashbacks, and the scenes jumping from the past to the present and back again irritated me a bit, to tell ya the truth. It became confusing after a while. Have an over-the-hill Rose retell her phony story of love and lies while a treasure seeker explores the wreckage of the ship is a nice touch, but only distracted me from the actual plot of the movie. And how Jack’s chalk drawing would last almost a year a century under water is beyond me. I swear to God that is should have been washed into pieces years ago; clearly water was able to get into the safe, but it does not make sense that the only damage was by a few drops of water, ya know? The last few scenes seemed to drag on a little too long. No kidding. It had nothing to do with the amount of detail, but with the amount of goddam stupidity between Rose and Jack. I think it is stupid when they make a scene longer than it has to be when they could just cut out all of the pointless stuff. It would have made me less bored. The special effects were the best part of the goddam movie, to tell ya the truth, and the music was pretty damn good. It was not a great movie - good, but not the best thing around. The romance between Cal, Rose, and Jack was phony; Rose did not seem to know what she was doing and Cal seemed more interested in beating the crap out of Jack than actually saving his pathetic relationship with

Nursing research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 56

Nursing research - Essay Example In this regard, this process of dissemination will include submission of an abstract to the members of the audience three days prior to the presentation in order to give them an opportunity to scrutinize the contents of the presentation before the actual presentation. In effect, providing the audience with an overview of the presentation will be effective in providing them with an opportunity to ask questions following the presentation. My workplace setting relies on the process of a combination of publications and posters to disseminate a solution. I find these two processes ineffective since they fail to provide the target audience with an opportunity to scrutinize the solution and ask questions regarding the solution’s effectiveness in the workplace. On the other hand, it is evident that these two processes are not interpersonal in nature. In this regard, the two processes only inform an individual about a solution without providing the individual with the opportunity to scrutinize the solution, which makes the two processes

Photojournalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Photojournalism - Essay Example The level of objectivity and ethics employed by a photojournalist on duty remains constant while it is possible to express freedom in adjusting the news elements or components of the graphic medium which constitute the effect of the visuals. In today’s society, according to Anil Ramchand, the photojournalism market still indicates competitiveness despite the weakening demand for newspapers and magazine circulations. Such degree of competence, however, is inclined to depend upon how willing the industry is in engaging with the mainstream where imagery of fashion bearing aesthetic value and sensation amply matter over mere statements of typewritten facts. Hence, as long as an item attracts the public’s sense of appreciation by sight, photojournalism is certain to stand on stable grounds as it keeps its modern function of improving the physical character of a potential commodity. Apparently, a way to pursue optimum commerce means a lot. Since the public in general projects a growing interest in visuals, the revolutionary concept of photojournalism becomes reduced to assume the role of rendering external appearance to captivate even if this does not necessarily signify the main content of the subject or theme. While there are still photojournalists who choose to preserve the reputable essence of their profession, the online mode of mass communication seems to limit photojournalism to the confines of pop culture and the associated common practice of illustrating news, celebrity and sports coverage with less sensible yet sold-out designs. Because I have since recently been fond of creating blogs about a variety of topics but with chief focus on art and poetry, I find a great deal of satisfaction at having come up with journal entries that are forty-five percent rich in exquisite photos. This way, my site manages to generate more

Concept Of Risk Management In Navy Management Essay

Concept Of Risk Management In Navy Management Essay The concept of risk management has been around the Navy since its inception. During the drawdown of the 1990s, the risk management concept was formalized into the Operational Risk Management (ORM) program. This structured approach was initiated to mitigate the risks associated with such a massive reorganization. Risk is inherent in all tasks, training, missions, operations, and in personal activities no matter how routine. The most common cause of task degradation or mission failure is human error, specifically the inability to consistently manage risk. ORM reduces or offsets risks by systematically identifying hazards and assessing and controlling the associated risks allowing decisions to be made that weigh risks against mission or task benefits. As professionals, Navy personnel are responsible for managing risk in all tasks while leaders at all levels are responsible for ensuring proper procedures are in place and that appropriate resources are available for their personnel to perform assigned tasks. The Navy vision is to develop an environment in which every officer, enlisted, or civilian person is trained and motivated to personally manage risk in everything they do This includes on- and off-duty evolutions in peacetime and during conflict, thereby enabling successful completion of any task and mission. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Integrate Safety and Risk Management into all on and off-duty evolutions to maximize mission readiness and to establish DON as an organization with world class safety where no mishap is accepted as the cost of doing businessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Establish a risk management training continuum to ensure all DON personnel receive targeted [ORM] training and that all formal professional training courses are infused with examples of how effective risk management improves both safety and mission readiness. DON Objectives for FY 2008 and Beyond (9 Oct 07) Benefits of ORM Reduction of operational loss. Lower compliance/auditing costs. Early detection of unlawful activities. Reduced exposure to future risks. Table of Contents I. Statement of the Issue or Problem (1 page) II. Significance of the Issue / Problem Why the issue / problem is important to aviation human factors (1 page) III. Review of Relevant Research (include references to at least five aviation human factors journal articles and / or aviation human factors texts, such as those found in ebrary at the ERAU Hunt Library (5 pages) IV. Summary of Major Findings and Conclusions (1 page) V. Recommendations for future research to address the issue / problem (1 page) *********************What is ORM? The term Operational Risk Management (ORM) is defined as a continual cyclic process which includes risk assessment, risk decision making, and implementation of risk controls, which results in acceptance, mitigation, or avoidance of risk. ORM is the oversight of operational risk, including the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes and systems; human factors; or external events. +++++++++++++++++++++How The ORM process assists you in making smart and informed decisions. Actually, you apply ORM every day. At times, you may not even be aware of it as you carry out a task or mission. An example of this is as simple as crossing the street; you look both ways because you were taught this at a young age. However, today you dont even look at this as risk management, but something that you know is the right thing to do before crossing the street. Every Sailor has a role to play in managing risk during a commands task or mission, and every Sailor is vital to the success of the Navy team. Purpose The ORM process minimizes risks to acceptable levels, commensurate with task or mission accomplishment. Correct application of the ORM process will reduce losses and associated costs resulting in more efficient use of resources. Zero risk is not the intent of ORM. Goal The Goal of ORM is to develop an environment in which every officer, enlisted, or civilian person is trained and motivated to personally manage risk in everything they do; to manage risk and move forward to accomplish the mission while safeguarding our people and infrastructure. Risk management is a continuous process that is integral from the strategic level of planning through the tactical level and execution. It is a tool to help improve mission readiness and mission accomplishment. The figure shows the three levels of ORM defined primarily by time. There is no definitive separating line between the three levels (in-depth, deliberate, and time critical) represented by the transition in color flowing from one level to another as you approach the task or event. It is important to know we have resources to tap into. At each level of the planning process, hazards and associated risks are identified and appropriate controls are developed and implemented. These controls become resources upon which you can draw for the next level of planning and ultimately for execution. The ORM process is a systematic, continuous, and repeatable process that consists of five basic steps. Identify hazards Assess hazards Make risk decisions Implement controls Supervise (and watch for changes) The first two steps comprise the risk assessment portion of ORM and provide enhanced awareness and understanding of a given situation. This awareness builds confidence and allows for timely, efficient, and effective protective measures. The remaining three steps are the essential follow-through actions to either eliminate the hazard or mitigate the risks. Risk Assessment Matrix ORM Matrix Card ORM incorporates the following four principles: Accept Risk When Benefits Outweigh the Cost Accept No Unnecessary Risk Anticipate and Manage Risk by Planning Make Risk Decisions at the Right Level Accept Risk When Benefits Outweigh the Cost The process of weighing risks against the benefits and value of the mission or task helps to maximize success. Balancing costs and benefits can be a subjective process. Therefore, personnel with knowledge and experience of the mission or task must be engaged when making risk decisions. The goal of ORM is not to eliminate risk but to manage the risk so that the mission or task both on- and off-duty can be successful. The bottom line is, if no benefit can be achieved then do not take the risk. Accept No Unnecessary Risk Operational Naval Instruction (OPNAVINST) 3500.39 (series) states: If all detectable hazards have not been identified, then unnecessary risks are being accepted. Additionally, an unnecessary risk is any that, if taken, will not contribute meaningfully to mission or task accomplishment or will needlessly jeopardize personnel or material. The risk management process identifies hazards that might otherwise go unidentified and provides tools to reduce or offset risk. The acceptance of risk does not equate to the imprudent willingness to gamble. Take only risks that are necessary to accomplish the mission or task. Anticipate and Manage Risk by Planning Integrating risk management into planning as early as possible provides the greatest opportunity to make well-informed risk decisions and implement effective risk controls. This enhances the overall effectiveness of ORM and often reduces costs for your organization and yourself when off duty. Make Risk Decisions at the Right Level Anyone can make a risk decision. However, the appropriate decision maker is the individual who can eliminate or minimize the hazard, implement controls to reduce the risk, or accept the risk. Leaders at all levels must ensure that their personnel know how much risk they can accept and when to elevate the decision to a higher level. Ensuring that risk decisions are made at the appropriate level will establish clear accountability. Therefore, those accountable for the mission must be included in the risk management process. If the commander, leader, or individual responsible for executing the mission or task determines that the controls available to them will not reduce risk to an acceptable level, they must elevate the risk decisions to the next level in the chain of command. 3 LEVELS ========================================== The risk management process is applied on three levels: in-depth, deliberate, and time critical. The basic factor that differentiates each level is time; that is the amount of time available to dedicate to the preparation and planning of missions or tasks. Time Critical Risk Management (TCRM) Personnel know ORM. They develop plans and brief the crew on task procedures. However, we often fail to execute the plans as briefed. We do not manage change as it occurs, and those changes affect the original plans. Usually, the personnel injured during a task are those who were not involved in the original planning. Recent studies of the ORM process have found that personnel have a firm grasp of the In-Depth and Deliberate levels of ORM. Unfortunately, personnel fail to execute Time Critical Risk Management (TCRM) during tasks as events change. You are accustomed to the 5-step process during In-Depth and Deliberate ORM processes; however, realistically it is difficult to execute the 5-step process during the time critical level effectively. Therefore, we are introducing a new tool for the execution of TCRM. This tool will help you improve communication, handle change, and manage risk to ensure mission success. We are NOT eliminating the 5-step process rather, the five steps are incorporated into this new, easy-to-use tool. This model consists of various graphic representations for situational awareness (target), stacked blocks (resources), a swooping arrow (a return to good SA) and a four letter box mnemonic (ABCD) that will help you improve communication, handle change, and manage risk to ensure mission or task success. Its called the ABCD model. The ABCD mnemonic in the model is not a replacement for the 5-step ORM process or a different process of risk management, but it is the practical application of the 5-step process in a time-critical environment. Off-duty mishaps are extremely detrimental to the Navys operational capability. Because we are part of the Navy team 24/7, the actions we take off-duty can affect the readiness and operational capability of our commands mission or task, therefore affecting the Navy as a whole. Thus, we must constantly be aware of all risks involved in our everyday off-duty activities. ORM applies off-duty the same as on-duty. By consistently using the A-B-C-D loop in our individual activities, we can reduce the number of off-duty mishaps; thereby improving the Navys readiness and operational capabilities. These fewer mishaps will also allow individuals to meet personal and professional challenges now and in the future. Benefits of ORM Reduction of operational loss. Lower compliance/auditing costs. Early detection of unlawful activities. Reduced exposure to future risks. *****************Glossary of Terms ABCD The mneomic for the four actions of Time Critical Risk Management (TCRM). A-Assess the situation, B-Balance your resources, C-Communicate to others, D-Do and Debrief the event. Acceptable Risk The portion of identified risk that is allowed to persist during the mission or task. Additive Condition Refers to all items that compete for an individual or crews attention during the execution of a mission or task. Examples include; equipment malfunctions, change in weather, multiple players, unpredictable information, and change to the mission. Additive conditions may increase task loading or uncertainty and lead to distraction or channelized focus. Command (unit or organizational) ORM Integration Integrating ORM into the command relates to reviewing procedures, instructions, and processes; identifying hazards; and creating controls associated with those hazards Command ORM Manager Designated unit level individual, qualified in accordance with OPNAVINST 1500.75(series), who is responsible for implementing risk management principles, concepts, and policy within the unit. Consequential Error An error which leads to undesired consequences to property, personnel, or mission (e.g., mishap, personal injury, mission failure, etc.). Controls Actions taken or measures put in place to eliminate a hazard or reduce the associated identified risk. Some type of controls include engineering controls, administrative controls, and physical controls. Crew Factors Refers to human factors which affect the capabilities of the individual, crew, or team and can increase the potential for errors. This includes such things as attitudes, personalities, level of training, experience, fatigue, and physiological factors. CRM Crew Resource Management Exposure An expression that considers the frequency, length of time, and percentage of people or assests subjected to a hazard. Exposure is a component of risk, but not directly used to assign a level of risk. Rather, it is a consideration in determining probability and severity. Hazard Any real or potential condition that can cause injury, illness, or death to personnel; damage to or loss of equipment or property; degradation of mission capability or impact to mission accomplishment; or damage to the environment. (Synonymous with the term threat.) Operational Analysis A chronological or sequential list of the major events or elements in a mission or task. This is the complete picture of what is expected to happen and assures all elements of a mission or task are evaluated for all potential hazards OPNAV Office of the Chief of Naval Operations OPORD Operation Order OPS Operations ORM Operational Risk Management Operational Risk Management A process that assists organizations and individuals in making informed risk decisions in order to reduce or offset risk; thereby increasing operational effectiveness and the probability of mission success. It is a systematic, cyclical process of identifying hazards and assessing and controlling the associated risks. The process is applicable across the spectrum of operations and tasks, both on and off duty. ORM Assistant Designated unit level individual who is a subject matter expert (SME) on ORM principles and concepts, qualified in accordance with OPNAVINST 1500.75(series), and supports the command ORM manager in implementing risk management within the unit. PHA Preliminary Hazard Analysis PPE Personal Protective Equipment PO Petty Officer PQS Personal Qualification Standard Preliminary Hazard Analysis A means to create an initial list of hazards that may exist in an operation, task, or mission. This builds on the operational analysis and entails listing hazards and associated causes. Probability A measure of the likelihood that a potential consequence will occur. RAC Risk Assessment Code Residual Risk Risk remaining after controls have been identified and selected. Resource Something that can be used to develop controls and includes time, money, people or equipment. With respect to Time Critical Risk Management (TCRM), a resource is something used to prevent errors, speed up decision making, or improve team coordination. Resources are typically developed as controls at the in-depth or deliberate levels of risk management. They are broadly grouped into the following categories: Policies, procedures and routines; checklists; automation; briefings and external resources; and knowledge, skills and techniques. Risk An expression of possible loss, adverse outcome, or negative consequences; such as injury or illness in terms of probability and severity. Risk Assessment A structured process to identify and assess hazards. An expression of potential harm, described in terms of severity, probability, and exposure to hazards. Accomplished in the first two steps of the ORM process. Risk Assessment Code An expression of the risk associated with a hazard that combines its severity and probability into a single Arabic numeral which can be used to help determine hazard abatement priorities. This is typically accomplished through the use of a risk assessment matrix. The basic RACs are: 1-Critical, 2-Serious, 3-Moderate, 4-Minor, and 5-Negligible. Risk Decision The decision to accept or not accept the risk(s) associated with an action; made by the commander, leader, or individual responsible for performing that action. Root cause Any basic underlying cause that was not in turn a result of more important underlying causes. Describes the depth in the causal chain where an intervention could reasonably be implemented to change performance and prevent an undesirable outcome. The analysis of a hazard may identify multiple causes; however applying controls to the root cause is ultimately more effective that merely addressing an intermediate cause. Severity An assessment of the potential consequence intensity that can occur as a result of exposure to a hazard and is defined by the degree of injury, illness, property damage, loss of asset (time, money, personnel) or mission or task impairing factors. When analyzing risk, it is based on the worst credible outcome. Situational Awareness (SA) Refers to the degree of accuracy by which ones perception of the current environment mirrors reality Task Loading The number of tasks to complete, given a set period of time. Higher task loading increases the potential for error. Task loading can be reduced by either reducing the number of tasks or taking more time. TCRM Time Critical Risk Management TFOM Training Figure of Merit Threat See hazard. With respect to ORM, threat and hazard are considered synomynous. TORIS Training and Operational Readiness Information Services TRACS Total Risk Assessment and Control System Unacceptable Risk The risk when measured versus the benefit or value of the mission or task that cannot be tolerated and must be eliminated or controled. What If Tool A means of thinking about what may go wrong and stating it as a question beginning with the phraseWhat if? This method is most useful for personnel who are actually involved in the operation being analyzed and adds insight to some of the more significant hazards identified with the preliminary hazard analysis (PHA). WIT What IF tool

Comparing History for Hawthorne and Brent :: comparison compare contrast essays

Understanding History for Hawthorne and Brent    Knowing and understanding social, political, and cultural history is extremely important when reading many novels, especially Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl by Linda Brent and any short story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Both of these authors had many extinuating circumstances surrounding their writings that should be noted before reading their works. Without knowing what was happening both in the outside world and in the respected author's life, one cannot truly grasp what the author is trying to say or what the author truly means by what he or she is saying. In this paper, I will show how important it is for the reader to understand the social, political, and cultural happenings in the writer's lives and in the world surrounding them during the times that their works were written.    Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl is an incredible example for what I am trying to show. This book was written during a time of extreme racial segregation and the hatred and cruelty shown, in general, towards blacks from whites is extremely important to understand before reading the story. This book tells the story of the life of a young, black, female slave in the south and focuses on trying to explain the trials, tribulations, and emotional and physical suffering that she, and many others like her, endured while being involuntary members of the institution of slavery. Brent, like every other victim of the atrocity we call slavery, wished those in north would do more to put a stop to this destructive practice. As she stated, slavery is de-constructive to all who surround it. It tears apart families; not just families raised in slavery, but the master's family as well. How could the free men and women of the north remain silent while such a great atrocity is still in practice?    Brent confronts her reader one on one in order to reemphasize her point. She uses the family and sentiment to appeal to and challenge the 19th century white women reader in order to effectively gain their support in the movement for abolition. Understanding what was going on in our nation, in the southern states, and in the northern states is incredibly important when reading this story. Slaves were nothing more than property and, in many cases, were treated with less respect than the family dog.