Cancer is Considered as the Manifestation Samples for Students

Cancer is considered as the manifestation of a chronic stressor that distresses the quality of life of the victims. The diagnosis with breast cancer detrimentally influences different dimensions of life, including the physical, psychological, spiritual, and social dimensions, prompting long-term impressions on the quality of life. This disease diagnosis frequently is accompanied by distress and disturbing thoughts which can lead to emotional and psychological jeopardies. Coping with breast cancer has been described as being physically and emotionally challenging. A woman like Mary has to cope with all these complications and has to adjust with her new life altering event. Emotional responses seem to dominate various aspects of life. Different emotional responses can be triggered by the cancer diagnosis. In this circumstances, a woman is likely to endure shocks and disbelief as the primary emotional responses, subsequently with a phase of suffering considered as aggregated result of depression, anxiety, and anger (Morse, Pooler, Vann-Ward, Maddox, Olausson Roche-Dean & Martz, 2014). It is normal for breast cancer victims to develop a sense of guilt that their families have to experience so much distresses. Like Mary, any mother might get frightened for the future of her kids and might get more emotionally affected than other breast cancer patients. In a case like Mary’s, the infants are totally dependable on their mother. After the disease diagnosis, a woman may not be able to provide optimum care to her children which can cause emotional stress. A woman may also endure persistence feelings of hopelessness, lack of interest, over-consciousness about the body image, self-loathing and frustration. The emotional responses are considered detrimental to the patient's health but they are actually typical in association to malignancy diagnosis  (Tamagawa, et al., 2013). This emotional state of distress about cancer diagnosis and the life altering events it brings might actually help patients to cope. Cognitive responses are associated with psychological trauma due to cancer diagnosis. As described by Wang, et al. (2014), patient's cognitive responses towards her stressful situation usually embrace persistent uncertainties, confusion, negative feelings and damaging outlook, amnesia, difficulty inattentiveness and cognitive sluggishness. Cognitive responses  also frequently consist of mental tremor, cognitive impairments, denial about the reality, sleep disturbance, low self-esteem, incompetence, reconsideration about life and worries about mortality etc. Cognitive responses of a patient after the disease diagnosis have been found to be associated with anxiety and alterations in a way that higher the deceptive level of threat, the inferior the level of health outcome and higher the level of distress. A highly depressing mind-setup after the disease diagnosis can lead to cognitive impairments. Cognitive impairment is the main cause of deprived psychological functioning, intellectu al incapacities, and changes in personality  (Janelsins, Kesler, Ahles, & Morrow, 2014). Changes in behavioral responses may occur after disease diagnosis. Behavioral responses strongly depend on alteration in mood, loss of energy, and cognition. It is a devastating and life-altering condition for any woman to cope with breast cancer diagnosis which directly impacts behavioral responses  (Berman, et al., 2014). Fatigue is gradually recognized as one of the most worrying after-effects of disease diagnosis which brings immense behavioral changes. The patients tend to complain about fatigue, depression, sleep reduction, irritability, and loss of interest in any work (Galiano-Castillo, et al., 2014). As specified by Berman, et al. (2014), patients are also more likely to show aggression, anger, uncontrolled behavior, panic attacks and substance abuse. Suicidal attitudes are the most worrying behavioral responses among breast cancer patients. Some women also show increased consumption of alcohol to cope with the illnesses. The behavioral changes are strongly existed during the initial months of the cancer diagnosis but generally, reduces over time as the patients get accustomed with the primary shock of malignancy diagnosis. Cancer diagnosis imposes several risk factors on the victims. It is a highly traumatic condition for any woman but the situation becomes worse in the case of a mother like Mary with two infants. Early-stage breast cancer can be treated by mastectomy and lumpectomy followed by radiation therapy. These breast-sparing surgeries can prevent a mother from breastfeeding which adversely impacts both the mother and her babies  (Leal, Stuart, & Carvalho, 2013). The common risk factors of mastectomy are the infection of the surgical site, bleeding, throbbing pain, lymphedema, numbness, and development of stiff marks at the surgical spot. Lumpectomy brings the possible side effects like breast tenderness, pain, bleeding, development of stiff marks at surgical spot and alteration in form and shape of the treated breast (Rakhra, et al., 2016). Risk factors of radiation therapies include fatigue, dermatological problems, soreness of nipple and breast etc. In the case of a lactating woman like Ma ry, a huge difference in milk production of the irradiated breast can occur. Invasive breast surgeries like mastectomy and lumpectomy mutilate the breast tissues which interrupts the normal drainage of breast milk (Leal, Stuart, & Carvalho, 2013). Taking appropriate protective measures after disease diagnosis is vital for these women. Getting a second opinion from another oncologist about all available treatment options is very important. A second opinion not only increases a patient's self-reliance that she is getting the right cancer management but also reduces the chance of misdiagnosis. Support from the family members plays a key role in the mental stability of breast cancer patients. Consulting with a psychologist can improve patient's quality of life (Colby & Shifren, 2013). Getting proper nutrition and mild exercise is essential. These patients must be restrained from alcohol consumption, smoking and excessive intake of beverages containing caffeine. Being diagnosed with breast cancer is a transformative experience for any woman. Special attention from the family members can make a huge difference on patient’s mental condition and improve her view towards life. Negative emotional, behavioral responses and cognitive impairment can upset the quality of life. Consulting a psychotherapist is highly   considered recommended for breast cancer patients especially for women with babies. Mental health professionals can show the patients and their families various problem-solving approaches in a supportive environment. Women with breast cancer also need emotional support from the society besides their families. Emotional support and sympathy can be therapeutic for women suffering from breast cancer. Berman, M. G., Askren, M. K., Jung, M., Therrien, B., Peltier, S., Noll, D. C., & Cimprich, B. (2014). Pre-treatment worry and neurocognitive responses in women with this disease. Health psychology, 222. Colby, D. A., & Shifren, K. (2013). Optimism, mental health, and quality of life: a study among victims. Psychology, health & medicine, 18(1), 10-20. Galiano-Castillo, N., Ariza-Garcà ­a, A., Cantarero-Villanueva, I., Fernà ¡ndez-Lao, C., Dà ­az-Rodrà ­guez, L., & Arroyo-Morales, M. (2014). Depressed mood in this disease survivors: associations with physical activity, cancer-related fatigue, quality of life, and fitness level. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 18(2), 206-210. Janelsins, M. C., Kesler, S. R., Ahles, T. A., & Morrow, G. R. (2014). Prevalence,   considered mechanisms, and management of cancer-related cognitive impairment. International Review of Psychiatry, 26(1), 102-113. Leal, S. C., Stuart, S. R., & Carvalho, H. D. (2013). Breast irradiation and lactation: a review. Expert review of anticancer therapy, 13(2), 159-164. Morse, J. M., Pooler, C., Vann-Ward, T., Maddox, L. J., Olausson, J. M., Roche-Dean, M., & Martz, K. (2014). Awaiting diagnosis of this disease: strategies of enduring for preserving self. Oncology Nursing Forum, 41, 350-359. Rakhra, S., Bethke, K., Strauss, J., Hayes, J. P., Hansen, N., Khan, S. A., & Donnelly, E. D. (2016). Risk Factors Leading to Complications in Early-Stage This disease Following Breast-Conserving Surgery and Intraoperative Radiotherapy. Annals of Surgical Oncology, 1-4. Tamagawa, R., Giese?Davis, J., Speca, M., Doll, R., Stephen, J., & Carlson, L. E. (2013). Trait mindfulness, repression, suppression, and self?reported mood and stress symptoms among women with this disease. Journal of clinical psychology, 69(3), 264-277. Wang, Y., Yi, J., He, J., Chen, G., Li, L., Yang, Y., & Zhu, X. (2014). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies as predictors of depressive symptoms in women newly diagnosed with this disease. Psycho?Oncology, 23(1), 93-99.

Career research&analysis assignment Research Paper

Career &analysis assignment - Research Paper Example The principal collaborates with the other teachers to maintain and develop the curriculum standards, design or develop the mission statements, and set the performance objectives and goals. He/she hires, trains, recruits, and assesses the supplemental and primary staff and evaluates/ assesses the curricula, programs and teaching methods to determine their efficiency, effectiveness, and utilization and ensures that the activities of the school comply with the state, local, and federal regulations. The principal provides guidance and counsel to students about academic, personal, behavioral, and vocational issues. The other roles include leading and planning professional activities of development for administrators, support staff, and teachers and sets the educational goals and standards, which assist establish procedures and policies to carry them out (Bridges Transitions Inc). Education requirements- the educational requirements of this career include a bachelor’s degree in Education, and clear services in administration. Experience as a high school principal in a charter or public School forms part of the requirement with a Masters degree always regarded as an added advantage (CCSESA). Job outlook- Individuals in this profession report that one would often handle loads of up to 10lbs and sometimes 20lbs. the occupation may involve doing a lot of work standing or walking or may be sitting but using one’s legs and arms to control tools, equipments, or machines. This occupation thus requires that one be inside most of the time and involves standing for approximately more than a third of the working time. The occupation calls for understanding and identifying the speech of another individual, speaking clearly to be able to be understood by other people, and seeing up close clearly. The travelling and working hours are usually irregular and may also involve working during the weekend. Pay- the career of a

Stats30 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stats30 - Essay Example Answer True False   Question 4    If the data for a chi-square test for independence form a 2?2 matrix, then the value obtained for the chi-square statistic will be influenced by the sample size, but the value for the phi-coefficient will not. Answer True False   Question 5    In general, a large value for the chi-square statistic indicates that the null hypothesis is correct. Answer True False   Question 6    The phi-coefficient can be used to measure effect size for a chi-square test for independence provided there are exactly two categories for each of the two variables. Answer True False   Question 7    Which of the following is a characteristic of a nonparametric test? Answer a. A numerical score is required for each individual. b. The hypotheses concern population means and variances. c. The test requires assumptions about the population means or variances. d. none of the above   Question 8    The null hypothesis for the chi-square test for goodness of fit s pecifies ____. Answer a. proportions for the entire population b. proportions for the sample c. frequencies for the entire population d. frequencies for the sample   Question 9    Which of the following accurately describes the observed and expected frequencies in a chi-square test? Answer a. Both the observed and expected frequencies will always be whole numbers. b. The observed frequencies are always whole numbers but the expected frequencies may be decimals or fractions. c. The expected frequencies are always whole numbers but the observed frequencies may be decimals or fractions. d. Both the observed and expected frequencies may be decimals or fractions.   Question 10    A researcher obtains a value of ?8.50 for a chi-square statistic. What can you conclude because the value is negative? Answer a. The observed frequencies are consistently larger than the expected frequencies. b. The expected frequencies are consistently larger than the observed frequencies. c. There are large differences between the observed and expected frequencies. d. The researcher made a mistake. The value of chi-square cannot be negative.   Question 11    A chi-square test for independence is used to evaluate the relationship between two variables. If one variable is classified into four categories and the other variable is classified into two categories, then the chi-square statistic will have ____. Answer a. df = 3 b. df = 7 c. df = 8 d. cannot determine the value of df from the information provided   Question 12    The chi-square test for goodness of fit will produce a large value for chi-square when ____. Answer a. the sample proportions match the hypothesized population proportions b. the sample proportions are much different than the hypothesized population proportions c. the sample mean is close to the population mean d. there is a large difference between the sample mean and the population mean   Question 13    The sample data for a chi-square test are call ed ____. Answer a. expected frequencies b. observed frequencies c. expected proportions d. observed proportions   Question 14    A researcher would like to test the claim that 9 out of 10 doctors prefer Brand X. A sample of 60 doctors is obtained and each is asked to compare Brand X with another leading brand. The data show that 48 of the doctors picked Brand X. If these data are evaluated using a chi-square test f